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Oxford University Press, USA
Speculation: Within and about Science
Speculation: Within and about Science
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Newton urged scientists never to speculate, only to prove by establishing experimental facts. By contrast, Einstein urged scientists to speculate freely, since only daring speculations, not experimental facts, can advance science. Who, if either, is right? Is speculation a legitimate part of
science, even in the absence of testing? If so, can speculations be evaluated without testing? How? To answer these questions it must first be determined what counts as a speculation, a task not usually investigated by those who express strong views about speculation. In Speculation, Peter Achinstein develops the basic idea that speculating involves introducing assumptions, under certain
theorizing conditions, without knowing that there is evidence for those assumptions. This idea is made precise by utilizing a concept of evidence Achinstein has introduced in previous writings and also explains here. With this concept, Achinstein defends a view according to which, by contrast
with Newton, speculations are crucial in science, and by contrast with Einstein, they are subject to constraints. The latter include pragmatic ones, reflecting the particular aims of the scientist in speculating, and epistemic ones that are subject to a different standard then evidence sufficient
for belief. This viewpoint is illustrated and evaluated by critically examining historical and contemporary speculations in fundamental physics as well as more general speculations within or about science, including these: nature is simple, and simplicity is a sign of truth (Newton, Einstein); a
theory can only be tested holistically (Duhem and Quine); and there is, and must be, a Theory of Everything (string theorists and reductionists).
Author: Peter Achinstein
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 12/03/2018
Pages: 296
Binding Type: Hardcover
Weight: 0.95lbs
Size: 8.40h x 5.70w x 1.10d
ISBN: 9780190615055
Review Citation(s):
Choice 09/01/2019
science, even in the absence of testing? If so, can speculations be evaluated without testing? How? To answer these questions it must first be determined what counts as a speculation, a task not usually investigated by those who express strong views about speculation. In Speculation, Peter Achinstein develops the basic idea that speculating involves introducing assumptions, under certain
theorizing conditions, without knowing that there is evidence for those assumptions. This idea is made precise by utilizing a concept of evidence Achinstein has introduced in previous writings and also explains here. With this concept, Achinstein defends a view according to which, by contrast
with Newton, speculations are crucial in science, and by contrast with Einstein, they are subject to constraints. The latter include pragmatic ones, reflecting the particular aims of the scientist in speculating, and epistemic ones that are subject to a different standard then evidence sufficient
for belief. This viewpoint is illustrated and evaluated by critically examining historical and contemporary speculations in fundamental physics as well as more general speculations within or about science, including these: nature is simple, and simplicity is a sign of truth (Newton, Einstein); a
theory can only be tested holistically (Duhem and Quine); and there is, and must be, a Theory of Everything (string theorists and reductionists).
Author: Peter Achinstein
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 12/03/2018
Pages: 296
Binding Type: Hardcover
Weight: 0.95lbs
Size: 8.40h x 5.70w x 1.10d
ISBN: 9780190615055
Review Citation(s):
Choice 09/01/2019
About the Author
Peter Achinstein who received his B.A. and Ph.D.
degrees from Harvard, is the author of seven influential books in the philosophy of science, including Particles and Waves: Historical Essays in the Philosophy of Science (OUP 1991), which received the Lakatos Award in 1993. A festschrift in his honor, Philosophy of Science Matters: The Philosophy of Peter Achinstein, was published by Oxford University Press in 2011.
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